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LCD Display construction and its working

2023-10-17

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a flat-panel display technology used in various electronic devices, including televisions, computer monitors, smartphones, and more. The construction and working principle of an LCD involve several layers and the manipulation of liquid crystals to control the passage of light. Here's a basic overview of how an LCD works:

Construction of an LCD Display:

1. Substrate and Glass Layers: The basic structure of an LCD consists of two glass substrates or plates. These plates are transparent and polarized, meaning they have a specific molecular alignment to control the behavior of light passing through them.

2. Polarizing Filters: Each glass substrate has a polarizing filter on its outer surface. These filters only allow light waves with a specific polarization orientation to pass through.

3. Alignment Layer: On the inner surfaces of the glass plates, there is an alignment layer. This layer orients the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction, which is essential for the functioning of the LCD.

4. Liquid Crystal Layer: The space between the two glass substrates contains a thin layer of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals are molecules that can change their orientation when subjected to an electric field.

5. Color Filters (for color LCDs): In color LCDs, a layer of color filters is added to create red, green, and blue sub-pixels, which combine to produce various colors on the display.

6. Backlight: In most LCDs, a backlight is used to illuminate the display from behind. The backlight provides the necessary light for the liquid crystals to modulate and create the image.

Working Principle of an LCD Display:

1. Light Polarization: Light from the backlight enters the first polarizing filter. The filter allows only light waves with a specific polarization orientation to pass through while blocking others.

2. Liquid Crystal Manipulation: When an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer, the molecules align themselves based on the direction of the electric field. The alignment of the liquid crystals affects how light waves pass through the layer.

3. Light Modulation: As the light passes through the liquid crystal layer, its polarization is altered according to the alignment of the liquid crystals. This modulation of light changes its orientation and intensity.

4. Color Filtering (for color LCDs): If it's a color LCD, the light then passes through the color filters, which allow specific colors to pass through, creating a colored image.

5. Second Polarizing Filter: The light then reaches the second polarizing filter, which is oriented perpendicular to the first one. This filter either blocks or allows the modulated light to pass through, depending on the alignment of the liquid crystals.

6. Displaying Images: By varying the electric field across different parts of the liquid crystal layer, the LCD can control the amount

of light passing through, creating different shades and colors. This modulation of light creates the images and text visible on the screen.

By manipulating the alignment of liquid crystals and controlling the light passing through them, LCDs can display images with high clarity, resolution, and color. They are widely used in various electronic devices due to their energy efficiency, slim form factor, and ability to produce sharp images.

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